Titan Autocode
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A group study into the Titan Autocode Programming Language for CM20168 2006.enhttp://titanautocode.pbworks.com/feedlogo.gifTitan Autocode
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Titan Autocode contributed to the design of programming languages within the Cambridge computer laboratory. It had little influence on programming languages outside of this area, with the exception of its influence on other Autocodes, such as Mercury.
The use of Autocodes lasted only as an interim solution in the programming language design space, which was essentially as a stepping stone between assemblers and high levelTitan Autocode contributed to the design of programming languages. within the Cambridge computer laboratory. It had little influence on programming languages outside of this area, with the exception of its influence on other Autocodes, such as Mercury. This is shown in the following diagram...
<P>
A diagram showing the origins and subsequent children of Titan Autocode<BR>
The use of Autocodes lasted only as an interim solution in the programming language design space, which was essentially as a stepping stone between assemblers and high level programming languages. The same can be said for its use at Cambridge where eventually, under heavy pressure from the more scientific users of the Titan machine, autocode was replaced by Fortran thus ending its development.]]>Thu, 30 Mar 2006 10:48:00 +0000modhttp://titanautocode.pbworks.com/w/page/Overall%20Contribution?rev=1143715680User edited Primary Application Domains
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At the time that the Titan Machine was developed and Titan Autocode implemented, computers were still only being used for mainly numerical calculations and engineeering based activity. Titan Autocde was choosen by Numerical Analysts, such as J.C.P. Miller and Engineers, such as P. Mathewman, as well as various research students situated at the Cambridge mathematics and statistics laboratories who used the Titan Machine. However, nearer the end of its life, Titan Autocde was being used in many more fields than traditional, for example Astronomy and Chemistry %5B3%5D. Its library functions and closed sub routines provided a means for easy code reuse for Scientific applications.
The company, Shaefer Dialectics used the Titan machine for some of their work. They had a research contract with another company, RRE Malvern, researching materials for the failed TSR2 supersonic aircraft.]]>Tue, 28 Mar 2006 16:38:04 +0000modhttp://titanautocode.pbworks.com/w/page/Primary%20Application%20Domains?rev=1143563884User edited Primary Application Domains
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**What Titan Autocode was used on:**
Titan Autocode is a programming language that was developed for the Titan Machine. As a consequence, it's design and implementation were dependent on the Titan Machine, of which only 3 were built. One of which was situated at the Cambridge computer laboratory from 1962 onwards. It was the last machine to provide a computing service at the Cambridge Laboratory %5B1%5D.
The Titan computer is a large and fast time-shared computerThe Titan computer is a large and fast time-shared computer. It implemented innovative ideas in time sharing and multiple access. The computer is controlled by an operating system or a supervisor program, software found on the computer. “The supervisor organizes the interaction of the very fast central electronic sections of the computer and the much slower electro-mechanical peripheral devices used for input and output, in such a way that the system carries out several operations concurrently.” %5B12%5D Titan Autocode Programming Manual The hardware of the Titan Machine was designed by David Wheeler.
The Titan computer allows therefore because of the concurrency, programs and data to be read in at the same time while other programs, which was started earlier are still running. This concurrency also extends to the allowance of programs and data to still be read in as output is being printed out from other earlier programs.
The machine-readable (input) medium for the Titan machine was punched paper tape. Therefore any data required by the program is in the form of the punched paper tape. The program and data tapes, along with the job description and a completed job ticket are then passed onto the operating staff (who feed the tapes into the computer). The job description (which is read into the machine before the other tapes of that job (problem)) is to tell the supervisor what the job comprised. The description therefore comprised of, information that the program was written in the Autocode language and how many documents i.e. program and data tapes will follow to specify the job. The job ticket was to tell the supervisor how to go about completing the job and provide warnings of special requirements.
**What Titan Autocode was used for:**
At the time that the Titan Machine was developed and Titan Autocode implemented, computers were still only being used for mainly numerical calculations and engineeering based activity. Titan Autocde was choosen by Numerical Analysts, such as J.C.P. Miller and Engineers, such as P. Mathewman, as well as various research students situated at the Cambridge mathematics and statistics laboratories who used the Titan Machine. However, nearer the end of its life, Titan Autocde was being used in many more fields than traditional, for example Astronomy and Chemistry %5B23%5D.
The company, Shaefer Dialectics used the Titan machine for some of their work. They had a research contract with another company, RRE Malvern, researching materials for the failed TSR2 supersonic aircraft.
---
%5B1%5B2%5D Prefaceof. Fitch at the University of Titan Autocode Programming ManualBath
%5B1%5D www.tomw.net.au/papers/edsac99.html
%5B2%5D Preface of Titan Autocode Programming Manual
%5B3%5D Prof. Fitch at the University of Bath]]>Tue, 28 Mar 2006 16:35:51 +0000modhttp://titanautocode.pbworks.com/w/page/Primary%20Application%20Domains?rev=1143563751User edited Overall Contribution
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Titan Autocode contributed to the design of programming languages within the Cambridge computer laboratory. It had little influence on programming languages outside of this area, with the exception of its influence on other Autocodes, such as Mercury.
The use of Autocodes lasted only as an interim solution in the programming language design space, which was essentially as a stepping stone between assemblers and high level programming languages.]]>Tue, 28 Mar 2006 16:30:21 +0000modhttp://titanautocode.pbworks.com/w/page/Overall%20Contribution?rev=1143563421User edited Overall Contribution
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Titan Autocode contributed to the design of programming languages within the Cambridge computer laboratory. It had little influence on programming languages outside of this area, with the exception of its influence on other Autocodes, such as Mercury.
The use of Autocodes lasted only as an interim solution in the programming language design space, which was essentially as a stepping stone between assemblers and high level programming languages.]]>Tue, 28 Mar 2006 16:30:10 +0000modhttp://titanautocode.pbworks.com/w/page/Overall%20Contribution?rev=1143563410User edited Overall Contribution
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Au* Stepping stocodne between assemblers and high level programming languages:.
* Titan Autocodes: was only ever used at the University of Cambridge.
*Titan Autocode contributed to the design of programming languages within the Cambridge computer laboratory. It had little influence on programming languages outside of thirds area, with the exception of its influence on other Autocodes, such as Mercury.
The use of Autocodes lasted only as an interim solution in the programming language design space, which was essentially as a stepping stone between assemblers and high level programming languages.]]>Tue, 28 Mar 2006 16:29:45 +0000modhttp://titanautocode.pbworks.com/w/page/Overall%20Contribution?rev=1143563385User edited Overall Contribution
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Autocodes:
* Stepping stone between assemblers and high level programming languages.]]>Tue, 28 Mar 2006 16:24:45 +0000modhttp://titanautocode.pbworks.com/w/page/Overall%20Contribution?rev=1143563085User edited Influence
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There were two design influences on the development of the Titan Autocode language %5B1%5D. Its primary use was as an Autocode for a newly built machine called the Titan Machine. (Link to Application Domains page)%5BPrimary Application Domains%5D. Its secondary usage was in the domain of numerical calculations and engineering-based solutions.
**Influence on Titan Autocode**
The main influence behind the existence of Titan Autocode is development of various projects at the Cambridge Laboratory during the 1960s. When the Cambridge Laboratory was set up, its intended purpose was to do symbolic processing %5B1%5D. All programs were going to be written in a language called CPL (Cambridge Programming Language, later renamed Combined Programming Language). However, this language took longer to develop than was anticipated and Titan Autocode was used as an interim solution %5B1%5D. The language was heavily based on the EDSAC 2 Autocode %5B2%5D. EDSAC 2 was the predecessor to the Titan Machine and the similarities between their Autocodes fulfilled the need for easy transfer of code from one Machine to the other. Their similarities extend to their compilers as the compiler developed for Titan Autocode by Peter Swinnerton-Dyer, was again heavily based on the compiler for EDSAC 2. In fact, its initial version was an exact copy of the EDSAC 2 complier %5B1%5D.]]>Tue, 28 Mar 2006 16:23:21 +0000modhttp://titanautocode.pbworks.com/w/page/Influence?rev=1143563001User edited Scope
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It was primarily developed to be an Autocode for the Titan Machine. %5BApplication Domains%5D
It was primarily developed to be an Autocode for the Titan Machine. %5BPrimary Application Domains%5D
Autocode is a class of simple high-level programming language. It was devised for a series of machines at the University of Manchester and Cambridge. Autocode was the assembly language accepted by Autocoder. Autocodes were written because of the difficulty in writing assemblers. It was the intermediate step between assemblers and high level languages, although it was still fairly low level. The assembly language or assembler code was an attempt at producing a mechanism for writing programs in a language which was more natural to the user than writing machine code. Autocode is considered “high level” as the syntax is more human readable. This meant that it was more problem orientated than machine orientated.
Versions of Autocode were developed for Ferranti Atlas, Mercury, Pegasus, IBM 702 and IBM 705 and lastly Titan! Below is a summary of what the Atlas and Mercury Autocode were about. Hopefully this will provide you with a taster of what the other Autocodes did, before getting into Titan.]]>Tue, 28 Mar 2006 16:22:48 +0000modhttp://titanautocode.pbworks.com/w/page/Scope?rev=1143562968User edited Scope
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It was primarily developed to be an Autocode for the Titan Machine. (Link to %5BApplication Domains)%5D
Autocode is a class of simple high-level programming language. It was devised for a series of machines at the University of Manchester and Cambridge. Autocode was the assembly language accepted by Autocoder. Autocodes were written because of the difficulty in writing assemblers. It was the intermediate step between assemblers and high level languages, although it was still fairly low level. The assembly language or assembler code was an attempt at producing a mechanism for writing programs in a language which was more natural to the user than writing machine code. Autocode is considered “high level” as the syntax is more human readable. This meant that it was more problem orientated than machine orientated.]]>Tue, 28 Mar 2006 16:22:22 +0000modhttp://titanautocode.pbworks.com/w/page/Scope?rev=1143562942User edited Scope
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The scope of the computing language “Titan autocode” is restricted to the work that was carried out at the Cambridge Laboratory. It was used in various projects carried out at the laboratory. Titan Autocode was kept aliveHowever, it was kept alive only by it's use in the Cambridge algebra system, later called CAMAL. However, it was primarily developed to be an Autocode for the Titan Machine. (Link to Titan Machine)
It was primarily developed to be an Autocode for the Titan Machine. (Link to Application Domains)
Autocode is a class of simple high-level programming language. It was devised for a series of machines at the University of Manchester and Cambridge. Autocode was the assembly language accepted by Autocoder. Autocodes were written because of the difficulty in writing assemblers. It was the intermediate step between assemblers and high level languages, although it was still fairly low level. The assembly language or assembler code was an attempt at producing a mechanism for writing programs in a language which was more natural to the user than writing machine code. Autocode is considered “high level” as the syntax is more human readable. This meant that it was more problem orientated than machine orientated.]]>Tue, 28 Mar 2006 16:21:43 +0000modhttp://titanautocode.pbworks.com/w/page/Scope?rev=1143562903User edited Influence
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There were two design influences on the development of the Titan Autocode language. Its primary use was as an Autocode for a newly built machine called the Titan Machine. (Link to Titan MachineThere were two design influences on the development of the Titan Autocode language %5B1%5D. Its primary use was as an Autocode for a newly built machine called the Titan Machine. (Link to Application Domains page). Its secondary usage was in the domain of numerical calculations and engineering-based solutions.
**Influence on Titan Autocode**
The main influence behind the existence of Titan Autocode is development of various projects at the Cambridge Laboratory during the 1960s. When the Cambridge Laboratory was set up, its intended purpose was to do symbolic processing. All programs were going to be written in a language called CPL (Cambridge Programming Language, later renamed Combined Programming Language). However, this language took longer to develop than was anticipated and Titan Autocode was used as an interim solution. The language was heavily based on the EDSAC 2 AutocodeThe main influence behind the existence of Titan Autocode is development of various projects at the Cambridge Laboratory during the 1960s. When the Cambridge Laboratory was set up, its intended purpose was to do symbolic processing %5B1%5D. All programs were going to be written in a language called CPL (Cambridge Programming Language, later renamed Combined Programming Language). However, this language took longer to develop than was anticipated and Titan Autocode was used as an interim solution %5B1%5D. The language was heavily based on the EDSAC 2 Autocode %5B2%5D. EDSAC 2 was the predecessor to the Titan Machine and the similarities between their Autocodes fulfilled the need for easy transfer of code from one Machine to the other. Their similarities extend to their compilers as the compiler developed for Titan Autocode by Peter Swinnerton-Dyer, was again heavily based on the compiler for EDSAC 2. In fact, its initial version was an exact copy of the EDSAC 2 complier %5B1%5D.
**What it influenced**
A project which was influenced by Titan Autocode was the development of the Cambridge Algebra System. Astronomers David Barton and Steve Bourne together with an MSc student called Chris Burgess working at the Cambridge Laboratory developed a compiler for the Algebra system using Titan Autocode. This system was built in various stages and the use of Titan Autocode was part of the final redesignA project which was influenced by Titan Autocode was the development of the Cambridge Algebra System. Astronomers David Barton and Steve Bourne together with an MSc student called Chris Burgess working at the Cambridge Laboratory developed a compiler for the Algebra system using Titan Autocode %5B1%5D. This system was built in various stages and the use of Titan Autocode was part of the final redesign %5B3%5D. The system introduced a language that was based on Titan Autocode, using algebraic expressions in the place of floating point. This system was the only thing that kept Titan Autocode alive and its was eventually rewritten in BCPL, which was a language that was developed to write the compiler for CPL, but which has extended its lifetime.
---
%5B1%5D Prof. Fitch at the University of Bath
%5B2%5D Cambridge University web site: www.cl.cam.ac.uk
%5B3%5D The Design of the Cambridge Algebra System, S.R. Bourne and J.R. Hourne, 1971.]]>Tue, 28 Mar 2006 16:19:01 +0000modhttp://titanautocode.pbworks.com/w/page/Influence?rev=1143562741User edited Primary Application Domains
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%5B1%5D Preface of Titan Autocode Programming Manual
%5B2%5D Prof. Fitch at the University of Bath]]>Tue, 28 Mar 2006 16:18:20 +0000modhttp://titanautocode.pbworks.com/w/page/Primary%20Application%20Domains?rev=1143562700User edited Primary Application Domains
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%5B1%5D Preface of Titan Autocode Programming Manual]]>Tue, 28 Mar 2006 16:18:08 +0000modhttp://titanautocode.pbworks.com/w/page/Primary%20Application%20Domains?rev=1143562688User edited Primary Application Domains
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%5B2%5D Prof. Fitch at the University of Bath]]>Tue, 28 Mar 2006 16:17:52 +0000modhttp://titanautocode.pbworks.com/w/page/Primary%20Application%20Domains?rev=1143562672User edited Primary Application Domains
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As resources suggests it may have been used within econometric %5B3%5D fields, which combines the statistics, theory and mathematics of economics, to give empirical content and empirical verification of economic theory.%5B4%5D
%5B1%5D Preface of Titan Autocode Programming Manual
%5B2%5D Prof. Fitch at the University of Bath
%5B3%5B4%5D Econometric Software: The first fifty years in persWikipective, C. G. Renfrodia]]>Tue, 28 Mar 2006 16:17:41 +0000modhttp://titanautocode.pbworks.com/w/page/Primary%20Application%20Domains?rev=1143562661User edited Primary Application Domains
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AAs resources suggests it may have been used within econometric %5B3%5D fields, which combines the statistics, theory and mathematics of economics, to give empirical content and empirical verification of economic theory.%5B4%5D
%5B1%5D Preface of Titan Autocode Programming Manual
%5B2%5D Prof. Fitch at the University of Bath]]>Tue, 28 Mar 2006 16:16:12 +0000modhttp://titanautocode.pbworks.com/w/page/Primary%20Application%20Domains?rev=1143562572User edited Primary Application Domains
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The Titan computer allows therefore because of the concurrency, programs and data to be read in at the same time while other programs, which was started earlier are still running. This concurrency also extends to the allowance of programs and data to still be read in as output is being printed out from other earlier programs.
The machine-readable (input) medium for the Titan machine was punched paper tape. Therefore any data required by the program is in the form of the punched paper tape. The program and data tapes, along with the job description and a completed job ticket are then passed onto the operating staff (who feed the tapes into the computer). The job description (which is read into the machine before the other tapes of that job (problem)) is to tell the supervisor what the job comprised. The description therefore comprised of, information that the program was written in the Autocode language and how many documents i.e. program and data tapes will follow to specify the job. The job ticket was to tell the supervisor how to go about completing the job and provide warnings of special requirements.
The Titan computer also had an Autocode compiler which is to compile the Autocode source program into an object program in machine language. The source program is the information on the tapes which is stored in the computer as input streams. The output generated from performing the object program is held as output streams. This are then punched printed, punched or plotted by the computer and handed to the user by the operating staff. The type of output, i.e. whether it was printed, punched or plotted is decided by the user in the job description which the user provided.]]>Tue, 28 Mar 2006 16:14:13 +0000modhttp://titanautocode.pbworks.com/w/page/Primary%20Application%20Domains?rev=1143562453User edited Primary Application Domains
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At the time that the Titan Machine was developed and Titan Autocode implemented, computers were still only being used for mainly numerical calculations and engineeering based activity. Titan Autocde was choosen by Numerical Analysts, such as J.C.P. Miller and Engineers, such as P. Mathewman, as well as various research students situated at the Cambridge mathematics and statistics laboratories who used the Titan Machine. However, nearer the end of its life, Titan Autocde was being used in many more fields than traditional, for example Astronomy and Chemistry %5B42%5D.
The company, Shaefer Dialectics used the Titan machine for some of their work. They had a research contract with another company, RRE Malvern, researching materials for the failed TSR2 supersonic aircraft, which is quite interesting..
A resources suggests it may have been used within econometric %5B2A resources suggests it may have been used within econometric %5B3%5D fields, which combines the statistics, theory and mathematics of economics, to give empirical content and empirical verification of economic theory.%5B3%5D4%5D
%5B1%5D Preface of Titan Autocode Programming Manual
%5B2%5B3%5D Econometric Software: The first fifty years in persWikipective, C. G. Renfrodia
%5B4%5B2%5D Prof. Fitch at the University of Bath
%5B3%5D Econometric Software: The first fifty years in perspective, C. G. Renfro
%5B4%5D Wikipedia]]>Tue, 28 Mar 2006 16:12:46 +0000modhttp://titanautocode.pbworks.com/w/page/Primary%20Application%20Domains?rev=1143562366User edited Primary Application Domains
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At the time that the Titan Machine was developed and Titan Autocode implemented, computers were still only being used for mainly numerical calculations and engineeering based activity. Titan Autocde was choosen by Numerical Analysts, such as J.C.P. Miller and Engineers, such as P. Mathewman, as well as various research students situated at the Cambridge mathematics and statistics laboratories who used the Titan Machine. However, nearer the end of its life, Titan Autocde was being used in many more fields than traditional, for example Astronomy and Chemistry. %5B4%5D.
The company, Shaefer Dialectics used the Titan machine for some of their work. They had a research contract with another company, RRE Malvern, researching materials for the failed TSR2 supersonic aircraft, which is quite interesting.
A resources suggests it may have been used within econometric*1A resources suggests it may have been used within econometric %5B2%5D fields, which combines the statistics, theory and mathematics of economics, to give empirical content and empirical verification of economic theory.*2%5B3%5D
30*Preface of prog manual. Fitch
1*Econometric Software: The first fifty years in pers2*Wikipective, C. G. Renfrodia
%5B1%5D Preface of Titan Autocode Programming Manual
%5B2%5D Econometric Software: The first fifty years in perspective, C. G. Renfro
%5B3%5D Wikipedia
%5B4%5D Prof. Fitch at the University of Bath]]>Tue, 28 Mar 2006 16:11:28 +0000modhttp://titanautocode.pbworks.com/w/page/Primary%20Application%20Domains?rev=1143562288User edited Primary Application Domains
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At the time that the Titan Machine was developed and Titan Autocode implemented, computers were still only being used for mainly numerical calculations and engineeering based activity. Titan Autocde was choosen by Numerical Analysts, such as J.C.P. Miller and Engineers, such as P. Mathewman, as well as various research students situated at the Cambridge mathematics and statistics laboratories who used the Titan Machine. However, nearer the end of its life, Titan Autocde was being used in many more fields than traditional, for example Astronomy and Chemistry.
The company, Shaefer Dialectics used the Titan machine for some of their work. They had a research contract with another company, RRE Malvern, researching materials for the failed TSR2 supersonic aircraft, which is quite interesting.
A resources suggests it may have been used within econometric*1 fields, which combines the statistics, theory and mathematics of economics, to give empirical content and empirical verification of economic theory.*2
3*Preface of prog manual
0*Prof. Fitch
1*Econometric Software: The first fifty years in perspective, C. G. Renfro
2*Wikipedia]]>Tue, 28 Mar 2006 16:08:51 +0000modhttp://titanautocode.pbworks.com/w/page/Primary%20Application%20Domains?rev=1143562131User edited Primary Application Domains
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It is generally considered that the introduction of Computers was to assist in Mathematical calculations. The subsequent introduction of programming languages was to assist the communication between computers and peopl, such as Autocodes, was to allow the expression of machine code into natural language. Titan Autocode has connections with both of these traditions.
<IMG SRC="http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/Relics/jpegs/titan_room.jpg" WIDTH='300' ALIGN='left' HSPACE=10 ALT="The Titan Machine Room">
**What Titan Autocode was used for:**
At the time that the Titan Machine was developed and Titan Autocode implemented, computers were still only being used for mainly numerical calculations and engineeering based activity. It was used by Numerical Analysts, such as J.C.P. Miller and Engineers, such as P. Mathewman. ATitan Autocde was choosen by Numerical Analysts, such as J.C.P. Miller and Engineers, such as P. Mathewman, as well as various research students situated at the Cambridge mathematics and statistics laboratories. N who used the Titan Machine. However, nearer the end of its life, itTitan Autocde was being used in more fieldsany more fields than traditional, for example aAstronomers and cy and Chemists.ry.]]>Tue, 28 Mar 2006 16:07:35 +0000modhttp://titanautocode.pbworks.com/w/page/Primary%20Application%20Domains?rev=1143562055User edited Primary Application Domains
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Titan Autocode is a programming language that was developed for the Titan Machine. As a consequence, it's design and implementation were dependent on the Titan Machine, of which only 3 were built. One of which was situated at the Cambridge computer laboratory from 1962 onwards.
**What Titan Autocode was used for:**
At the time that the Titan Machine was developed and Titan Autocode implemented, computers were still only being used for mainly numerical calculations and engineeering based activity. It was used by Numerical Analysts, such as J.C.P. Miller and Engineers, such as P. Mathewman. As well as various research students situated at the Cambridge mathematics and statistics laboratories. Nearer the end of its life, it was being used in more fields, for example astronomers and chemists.
---The Titan computer is a large and fast time-shared computer. The computer is controlled by an operating system or a supervisor program, software found on the computer. “The supervisor organizes the interaction of the very fast central electronic sections of the computer and the much slower electro-mechanical peripheral devices used for input and output, in such a way that the system carries out several operations concurrently.” %5B1%5D Titan Autocode Programming Manual The hardware of the Titan Machine was designed by David Wheeler.
The Titan computer is a large and fast time-shared computer. The computer is controlled by an operating system or a supervisor program, software found on the computer. “The supervisor organizes the interaction of the very fast central electronic sections of the computer and the much slower electro-mechanical peripheral devices used for input and output, in such a way that the system carries out several operations concurrently.” %5B1%5D Titan Autocode Programming Manual The hardware of the Titan Machine was designed by David Wheeler.
The Titan computer allows therefore because of the concurrency, programs and data to be read in at the same time while other programs, which was started earlier are still running. This concurrency also extends to the allowance of programs and data to still be read in as output is being printed out from other earlier programs.
The Titan computer also had an Autocode compiler which is to compile the Autocode source program into an object program in machine language. The source program is the information on the tapes which is stored in the computer as input streams. The output generated from performing the object program is held as output streams. This are then punched printed, punched or plotted by the computer and handed to the user by the operating staff. The type of output, i.e. whether it was printed, punched or plotted is decided by the user in the job description which the user provided.
Lastly the Titan computer has an Autocode system which helps the debugging process.
**What Titan Autocode was used for:**
At the time that the Titan Machine was developed and Titan Autocode implemented, computers were still only being used for mainly numerical calculations and engineeering based activity. It was used by Numerical Analysts, such as J.C.P. Miller and Engineers, such as P. Mathewman. As well as various research students situated at the Cambridge mathematics and statistics laboratories. Nearer the end of its life, it was being used in more fields, for example astronomers and chemists.]]>Tue, 28 Mar 2006 16:02:46 +0000modhttp://titanautocode.pbworks.com/w/page/Primary%20Application%20Domains?rev=1143561766User edited Primary Application Domains
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email@hidden (User )
At the time that the Titan Machine was developed and Titan Autocode implemented, computers were still only being used for mainly numerical calculations and engineeering based activity. It was used by Numerical Analysts, such as J.C.P. Miller and Engineers, such as P. Mathewman. As well as various research students situated at the Cambridge mathematics and statistics laboratories. Nearer the end of its life, it was being used in more fields, for example astronomers and chemists.
---
The Titan computer is a large and fast time-shared computer. The computer is controlled by an operating system or a supervisor program, software found on the computer. “The supervisor organizes the interaction of the very fast central electronic sections of the computer and the much slower electro-mechanical peripheral devices used for input and output, in such a way that the system carries out several operations concurrently.” %5B1%5D Titan Autocode Programming Manual The hardware of the Titan Machine was designed by David Wheeler.
The Titan computer allows therefore because of the concurrency, programs and data to be read in at the same time while other programs, which was started earlier are still running. This concurrency also extends to the allowance of programs and data to still be read in as output is being printed out from other earlier programs.
The machine-readable (input) medium for the Titan machine was punched paper tape. Therefore any data required by the program is in the form of the punched paper tape. The program and data tapes, along with the job description and a completed job ticket are then passed onto the operating staff (who feed the tapes into the computer). The job description (which is read into the machine before the other tapes of that job (problem)) is to tell the supervisor what the job comprised. The description therefore comprised of, information that the program was written in the Autocode language and how many documents i.e. program and data tapes will follow to specify the job. The job ticket was to tell the supervisor how go about completing the job and provide warnings of special requirements.
The Titan computer also had an Autocode compiler which is to compile the Autocode source program into an object program in machine language. The source program is the information on the tapes which is stored in the computer as input streams. The output generated from performing the object program is held as output streams. This are then punched printed, punched or plotted by the computer and handed to the user by the operating staff. The type of output, i.e. whether it was printed, punched or plotted is decided by the user in the job description which the user provided.
Lastly the Titan computer has an Autocode system which helps the debugging process.]]>Tue, 28 Mar 2006 16:02:00 +0000modhttp://titanautocode.pbworks.com/w/page/Primary%20Application%20Domains?rev=1143561720User edited Primary Application Domains
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It is generally considered that the introduction of Computers was to assist in Mathematical calculations. The subsequent introduction of programming languages was to assist the communication between computers and people. Titan Autocode has connections with both of these traditions.
Titan Autocode is a programming language that was developed for the Titan Machine. As a consequence, it's design and implementation were dependent on the Titan Machine, of which only 3 were built. One of which was situated at the Cambridge computer laboratory from 1962 onwards.
**What Titan Autocode is a programming language that was usdeveloped for the Titan Machine. As a con**sequence, it's design and implementation were dependent of the Titan Machine, of which only 3 were built. One of which was situated at the cambridge computer laboratory from 1962 onwards.
**What Titan Autocode was used for:**
**WhatAt the time that the Titan Machine was developed and Titan Autocode wasimplemented, computers were still only being used for** mainly numerical calculations and engineeering based activity. It was used by Numerical Analysts, such as J.C.P. Miller and Engineers, such as P. Mathewman. As well as various research students situated at the Cambridge mathematics and statistics laboratories. Nearer the end of its life, it was being used in more fields, for example astronomers and chemists.]]>Tue, 28 Mar 2006 16:01:36 +0000modhttp://titanautocode.pbworks.com/w/page/Primary%20Application%20Domains?rev=1143561696